The Edge Crush Test (ECT) is a laboratory test method used to measure the cross direction crushing of a sample of corrugated board. It provides information on the ability  of a particular board construction to resist crushing. ECT is a measure of the edgewise  compressive strength of corrugated board. It is measured by compressing a small segment  of board on edge between two rigid platens or plates perpendicular to the direction of the  flutes until a peak load is established. This is measured in pounds per lineal inch of load  bearing edge (lb/in), but usually reported as an ECT value (for example, 44 ECT) The Bursting (Mullen) Test is another test used throughout the corrugated industry to  determine strength. It is related to the rough handling durability of corrugated material. 200 Lbs, 275 Lbs (Lbs = Pounds). 

It is important to understand what type of corrugated you are using before deciding to  substitute any equivalent. For example, if you are shipping an item the 200# carton might  be a better option. If you aretransporting or moving you can use a 32# ECT box

The Edge Crush Test (ECT) is a laboratory test method used to measure the cross direction crushing of a sample of corrugated board. It provides information on the ability  of a particular board construction to resist crushing. ECT is a measure of the edgewise  compressive strength of corrugated board. It is measured by compressing a small segment of board on edge between two rigid platens or plates perpendicular to the direction of the  flutes until a peak load is established. 

The Bursting (Mullen) Test is another test used throughout the corrugated industry to  determine strength. It is related to the rough handling durability of corrugated  material. Bursting strength is reported in pounds (for example, 275#). 

It is important to understand what type of corrugated you are using before deciding to  substitute any equivalent. For example, if you are shipping a product that weighs between  25-40 pounds, a 32 ECT single-wall carton should be sufficient, in most cases. If your  carton is going to be subjected to severe handling, the 200# carton might be a better  option. It would be equivalent to a carton with an ECT of 32 or higher, and the bursting  test is more of a true measure of rough handling.

Double wall boxes are ideal for heavy items or products that need more protection than  you would get from a single wall box

Use 1” Styrofoam on all six sides.

• Use foam to wrap
• Use small bubble
• Use large in one direction and then in the opposite direction
• Place in box
• Fill all gaps with bubble wrap
• Do NOT use paper

• Need to protect the picture from moisture – use Glassine paper. It is a smooth  and glossy paper that is air-, water-, and grease-resistant. It is usually  available in densities between 50–90 g/m 2 (0.010–0.018 lb/sq ft). It is translucent  unless dyes are added to color it or make it opaque. An alternative is acid-free  white tissue paper.
• Use foam to wrap
• Use small bubble
• Use large in one direction and then in the opposite direction
• Place in box
• Fill all gaps with bubble wrap
• Do NOT use paper

• Need to use a glass mask (similar to cling film), this offers protection in case of  glass breakage during transit. The glass mask prevents the shards from spreading and causing additional damage, in case of glass breakage. You only need to place  this on the glass, do not place on frame as it can potentially damage the frame.
• Use 1 layer of foam all around the frame, make sure no tape goes on frame
• Use 1” bubble wrap to cover the entire frame, ensuring the bubble are facing inwards.
• Going in the opposite direction to the former step, use 1” bubble wrap to cover the  entire frame, ensuring the bubbles are facing inwards. Now you have at least 2 layers of  bubble wrap.
• Protect the corners by adding additional bubble wrap.
• Place in box and ensure all gaps are filled with Bubble wrap or similar (e.g. air-filled bags)
• Seal the box, shake it and press on at top and bottom, nothing should move and when  pressing the box should not compress. If needed, open the box and ensure all gaps are  filled and may require a layer of bubble wrap at top and bottom of box.

This is where we can use a variety of solutions or a combination:

• Use a Double Wall box, where the ECT is 275 Pound or higher, (One  Pound = 0.45359237 kg)
• Line the box with Styrofoam, Measure the inside of the box e.g. 16 inches,  score the Styrofoam at 16×16 and it should snap at the score. You can also  cut 2 pieces sizes 14×14 to line the other 2 sides.
• Use a single wall box and place this box inside a large single or double wall box. Ensure the large box is at least 4 inches bigger in each direction  e.g. inner box is 16x16x16, the outer must be 20x20x20. This allows for  additional packing materials

 It is recommended to use a wider tape, 3 inches in width, to provide a better seal.  The standard tapes available are 2 inches wide or less giving less surface area  coverage.

• Ensure nothing can move if the box is shaken. 
• Always keep in mind that packages will undergo multiple steps during transit. c. Packages will face compression, vibration and possible falls before getting to their  destination. 
• Seal all open sides, center and 2 sides. 3 Sides are taped.